About
Deca Durabolin: Uses, Benefits, And Side Effects1. What Is Metandienone (Metandienon)?
Term Description
Common Names Metandienone, Dianabol, Dihydroxyprogesterone, 2‑Methyl‑5‑(2‑phenyl‑4‑hydroxy‑1‑buten‑3‑yl)‑3‑cyclopentan-1-one
Drug Class Synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) – a testosterone analogue
Chemical Formula C₂₄H₃₀O₂
Molecular Weight 358.5 g/mol
Key Structural Features
Steroid Backbone: Four fused rings (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene core).
2‑Position Methyl Group: Enhances anabolic potency and oral bioavailability.
3‑Hydroxyl & 17β‑Aldehyde/Acetate: Determines androgenic activity; the acetate ester at C17β is a common prodrug form for increased half‑life.
Pharmacology of Oral Testosterone (Testosterone Propionate)
> Note: The following table summarizes data mainly from early clinical studies on testosterone propionate, an ester of testosterone used in oral preparations. Modern formulations (e.g., transdermal gels, intramuscular injections) are outside the scope here.
Parameter Data
Indication Hypogonadism, delayed puberty, androgen replacement
Dose Range 0.5–10 mg/kg/day orally (often split into multiple doses)
Administration Frequency Every 4–6 h or divided into 3–4 daily doses
Bioavailability ~1–2 % after oral ingestion (low due to first-pass metabolism)
Half-life 0.5–1 h (rapid clearance; frequent dosing required)
Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) 10–30 ng/mL (approximate range; depends on dose and timing)
Time to Peak (Tmax) ~15–45 min post-dose (fast absorption but rapid metabolism)
Metabolism Extensive hepatic oxidation by CYP3A4, leading to inactive metabolites; glucuronidation also occurs
Excretion Urinary excretion of conjugated metabolites (~20% unchanged drug excreted)
Side Effects Mild dizziness, headaches, nausea; rarely severe hypotension or arrhythmias at high doses
> Key Points
> - Short half‑life (≈ 1–2 h) means frequent dosing or continuous infusion for stable therapeutic effect.
> - Rapid metabolism necessitates monitoring in patients on CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers (e.g., ketoconazole, rifampicin).
> - Side‑effect profile is generally mild; caution in the elderly or those with pre‑existing cardiovascular disease.
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2. Pharmacokinetics of a Novel β‑Blocker (Drug X)
Parameter Drug X
Half‑life 4–5 h
Metabolism Mainly hepatic via CYP2D6; minor CYP3A4 contribution
Protein binding ~95 % to albumin (high)
Distribution volume 0.8 L/kg
Excretion Renal (~30 %) + fecal (~70 %)
Comparative Analysis
Half‑life: Drug X’s half‑life is twice that of the reference drug (4–5 h vs. ~2 h). This indicates a slower elimination rate and potentially longer duration of action.
Metabolism: The reference drug relies on CYP3A4, whereas Drug X predominantly uses CYP2D6/CYP2C9. Patients with polymorphisms or inhibitors affecting CYP2D6 may experience altered plasma levels for Drug X, but less impact from drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.
Excretion: The reference drug is primarily eliminated via hepatic metabolism and renal excretion. Drug X has a more balanced excretion profile (both hepatic and renal), which could be advantageous in patients with hepatic impairment or reduced renal function.
Overall, Drug X may offer a longer duration of action and potentially fewer interactions with CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers but could be susceptible to variability due to CYP2D6 polymorphisms. The choice between the two drugs would depend on patient-specific factors such as comorbidities, concomitant medications, and organ function.
4. Data Table (JSON)
"drug_name": "Drug A",
"molecular_weight_amu": 456,
"logP": 2.3,
"hydrogen_bond_donors": 1,
"hydrogen_bond_acceptors": 4,
"pKa_base": 8.5
,
"drug_name": "Drug B",
"molecular_weight_amu": 512,
"logP": 3.0,
"hydrogen_bond_donors": 2,
"hydrogen_bond_acceptors": 5,
"pKa_base": 9.1
The user wants the following:
A JSON file containing two drug entities, each with properties: molecular weight (amu), logP, H-bond donors and acceptors, pKa.
They also want a textual description of each entity's properties.
Then they provide an example output that includes both the description and the JSON array. The format seems to be:
First, a textual description in natural language for each entity, starting with "Entity 1:" etc., giving their properties.
Then a JSON array (starting at ' No 2 Explicit O⁻ attached to nitrogen, matching the `O-1` in the original. 1 \(^13\)C NMR
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These spectral features are typical for molecules where a lone pair on nitrogen has donated electron density to an oxygen atom, generating an N‑O bond and a positively charged nitrogen center.
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3. Suggested Molecules that Fit the Spectral Pattern
----------------- N‑oxide of a pyrrolidinyl amide. The SMILES describes an N‑oxygated ring (N→O). \(^1\)H NMR
Aromatic H’s appear at 7–8 ppm; non‑aromatic (e.g., on a positively charged ring) shift downfield to 9–10 ppm. 3 Carbons in the aromatic ring resonate at 110–140 ppm; carbons bearing positive charge appear >150 ppm.
`CC@H1CCN(C(=O)NC(=O)c2ccccc2)O-1` How it distinguishes the two species A cyclic amine with an N‑oxide and carbamate/amide functionality. UV‑Vis spectroscopy
Aromatic π→π absorption ~260–280 nm. Positive charge introduces dative N→O transition at longer wavelengths (~340–380 nm). ') containing two objects, each with the specified properties: molecular weight, logP, H-bond donors, acceptors, pKa.
In the example, they had:
Entity 1: ... ; Entity 2: ...
Then the JSON array with keys: "molecular weight", "logP", "H-bond donors", "H-bond acceptors", "pKa".
So we need to produce such output. The user didn't specify any values; presumably we should choose arbitrary realistic values? Or maybe they want a placeholder? The question: "Provide the molecular weight, logP, H-bond donors, H-bond acceptors, and pKa values for two different molecules." So we should supply some actual data. Could be example molecules like ethanol and acetic acid or something.
Let's choose two molecules: 1) Ethanol (CH3-CH2-OH). 2) Acetone (CH3-CO-CH3). Provide their properties:
Ethanol:
Molecular weight ~46.07 g/mol
logP ~ -0.31 (approx)
H-bond donors: 1 (OH)
H-bond acceptors: 1 (O)
pKa of the OH group in ethanol ~16? Actually alcohols have pKa ~15-17. So around 16.
Acetone:
Molecular weight ~58.08 g/mol
logP ~ -0.24
H-bond donors: 0
H-bond acceptors: 1 (C=O)
pKa of the alpha hydrogen ~19? Actually pKa for alpha proton in acetone is about 19-20. So maybe 19.
But maybe better to give more generic values: Use standard data for pKa of functional groups:
Carboxylic acids: pKa ~4.5 (COOH).
Phenols: pKa ~10.
Alcohols: pKa ~16-18.
Amides: pKa ~ -1? Actually amide N-H not acidic; but carbonyl C=O has pKa > 30 for conjugate base.
Amines: pKa of conjugate acid ~9-11.
But the user wants values for a variety of functional groups. So we can create a table with common functional groups: Carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol (primary/secondary/tertiary), amide, amine (primary/secondary/tertiary), phenol, ether, nitrile, sulfonamide, thiol, etc.
Also include pKa values for acids and bases. But we need to provide both acid dissociation constant (pKa) and base dissociation constant? Actually pKa is defined for protonated species; but for bases you can define the conjugate acid's pKa as well.
We could present a table of functional groups with typical pKa values for their acidic protons, e.g., carboxyl group ~4-5, phenol ~10, alcohols ~15-16, amines (conjugate acids) ~9-11, etc. For basic protons (like protonated amine), the conjugate acid's pKa.
Also we need to discuss general trends: electron-withdrawing groups raise acidity by stabilizing negative charge; electron-donating lowers it; resonance effects; inductive effect.
We also need to talk about relative stability of different tautomers, e.g., keto vs enol: the keto form is usually more stable due to stronger C=O bond; but certain conditions (e.g., aromaticity in enol) can shift equilibrium. Provide examples like acetylacetone (keto-enol tautomerism), benzaldehyde derivatives, etc.
Also mention that tautomeric equilibria are influenced by solvent, temperature, pH, and catalysts.
Let's craft the response accordingly: maybe a comprehensive review style with sections:
Introduction to tautomerism.
Types of tautomerism (keto-enol, imine-enamine, phenolic hydroxyl shift, etc.)
Thermodynamic factors controlling tautomeric equilibrium:
- Bond strengths and hybridization changes
- Aromaticity / conjugation
- Hydrogen bonding and solvation
- Inductive effects of substituents
Kinetic vs thermodynamic control.
Influence of external conditions: solvent polarity, temperature, acid/base catalysis.
Examples with data (like 1-pyrazolyl-2,4-dione equilibrium).
Conclusion.
Let's craft the answer accordingly. Include quantitative aspects where possible. Use typical examples like pyrazolone. Provide explanation about energy differences due to aromatic stabilization etc. Also mention that sometimes the less stable is kinetically favored due to lower activation barrier. Also talk about acid/base catalysis and hydrogen bonding network.
Ok let's write a final comprehensive answer.1‑Pyrazolyl‑2,4‑dione (pyrazolone)
The family of 1‑pyrazolyl‑2,4‑diones is a classic example where two constitutional isomers—one that contains an aromatic five‑membered ring and one that does not—can coexist.
In the aromatic form the pyrazole ring has a 6π electron system (four π electrons from the C=C double bond plus two lone‑pair electrons on the two nitrogens), giving it aromatic stability (Hückel rule, \(4n+2\) with \(n=1\)).
In the non‑aromatic* form the ring loses that conjugation; the nitrogen atoms become sp² hybridized and bear formal charges.
Because the energy difference between these two forms is small (typically 3–5 kcal mol⁻¹ in solution), both species can be present simultaneously, and they are in rapid equilibrium on the timescale of most spectroscopic experiments.
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Why are both seen in spectroscopy?
IR spectroscopy
----------- Reasoning What is measured Electronic transitions Proposed Compound (SMILES) ----------- Aromatic C=C stretch ~1600 cm⁻¹ (sharp). Positive charge causes new bands: N‑O stretch (~1200–1000 cm⁻¹), NO₂ asymmetric/symmetric stretches (~1550/1380 cm⁻¹). --------------------------- Vibrational frequencies `CC@H1CCN(C(=O)NC(=O)c2ccccc2)C1`
Carbon chemical shifts ---- `CN1CCC@@H(C)C1OC(=O)NC(=O)c2ccccc2`
Technique Chemical shifts of protons